Start by heating olive oil in a large skillet. Add the chicken breasts and cook until golden brown on both sides. Remove and set aside, then slice into thin pieces once slightly cooled.
In the same skillet, add chopped onions and red peppers. Sauté until soft, then stir in garlic and cook for another minute to release its aroma.
Pour in chicken broth and heavy cream, then bring to a gentle simmer. After 2 minutes, remove from heat and slowly whisk in the Parmesan cheese until smooth and creamy.
Stir in fresh lemon juice, salt, and pepper. Gently fold in marinated artichoke hearts and parsley. Taste and adjust lemon and seasoning as needed.
Toss the sauce with hot, buttered pasta, then add the sliced chicken on top. Serve immediately for the best flavor and texture.